Published: 20th Jun 2023, 18:14

Food infection and intoxication are two of the most common ailments caused by foodborne pathogens. While they may sound similar, the two terms are distinct, and each carries its own unique set of symptoms and risk factors. In this article, we'll take a closer look at the differences between infection and intoxication in food microbiology and discuss how each condition is treated.

What is Food Infection?

Food infection, also called foodborne illness, occurs when a person consumes food or beverages that contain harmful bacteria, viruses, or parasites. These microorganisms can cause an array of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. In severe cases, food infections can lead to hospitalization or even death.

Common bacteria responsible for food infection include Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter. Viruses such as Norovirus, Hepatitis A, and Rotavirus can also cause food infection.

What is Food Intoxication?

Food intoxication, also known as food poisoning, occurs when a person eats food or drinks beverages that contain toxins produced by certain bacteria. The toxins produced by these bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum, are what cause the symptoms of food intoxication.

Unlike food infections, food intoxication does not involve the presence of pathogens. Instead, the toxins produced by certain bacteria are the culprits behind food intoxication. Symptoms of food intoxication include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhoea. In severe cases, food intoxication can lead to hospitalization or even death.

How are Food Infection and Intoxication Prevented?

The best way to prevent food infections and intoxication is to practice good food safety habits. This includes washing hands and surfaces often and storing food at the proper temperatures. Additionally, it’s important to avoid cross-contamination and cook food to the right temperature.

It’s also important to be careful when preparing and eating food. Foods that have been left out too long or that have been handled improperly can be breeding grounds for bacteria and other microorganisms.

How are Food Infection and Intoxication Diagnosed?

Stool tests and blood tests can help in diagnosing food poisoning.

The most commonly used media for selective isolation of Salmonella are SS agar, Bismuth Sulphite Agar, Hektoen Enteric (HE) Agar Medium, Brilliant Green Agar, and Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar.

EC O157:H7 Enrichment Broth and EC O157:H7 Selective Broth (Twin Pack) are recommended media for the selective isolation of Escherichia coli.

Chromogenic Campylobacter Agar Base is the recommended media for the selective isolation of Campylobacter.

Mannitol Salt Agar is the recommended media for the selective isolation of Staphylococcus aureus.

C. Botulinum Isolation Agar Base is the recommended media for the selective isolation of Clostridium botulinum.

How are Food Infection and Intoxication Treated?

The treatment for food infection and intoxication depends on the severity of the illness. Mild cases may resolve on their own, but more severe cases may require medical intervention. Treatment for food infections and intoxication typically includes rest, fluids, and antibiotics.

In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide fluids and other treatments. Additionally, certain fruits, vegetables, and other foods may need to be avoided during treatment in order to reduce the risk of further infection or intoxication.